Design a negative voltage generator from a positive supply.

Design a circuit to get a higher voltage than the available supply

Analyze the circuit in the figure above. Determine the waveforms V_A and V_B in steady state. This requires a careful evaluation of the region of operation of the MOS transistors.

Transistors Mn1 and Mn2 are added to multiplex V_A and V_B and result in V_out. Implement this circuit using CD4069 inverters. Think carefully about which terminal goes where! You'll need to use separate ICs for the inverter and the rest of the circuitry because, on a chip, the supply and ground pins are all shorted together. You can use clock frequencies in the tens of kHz range, capacitors in the 10nF range, and a supply of 5V.

What is the output voltage V_out with no load(C_L)? and with a constant current load I_L?

Build and demonstrate a circuit that gives a positive output of approximately twice the power supply wrt ground.

This is useful when a dual supply is required to be generated from a single supply, such as a battery. Such circuits are used in audio amplifiers which, when operated from a dual supply, have a quiescent output of 0V and hence don't need a bulky ac coupling capacitor. These circuits are also used when a small portion of the IC needs a higher supply voltage, but multiple power supplies can't be used. Examples are flash memories(USB sticks) and EEPROMS which operate from a low voltage supply(3V-5V in a mobile phone/MP3 player) but need a high voltage(~ 15V) for write/erase.